GLADIO IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH. Disinformation and the Ethnic Conflict’ Research Industry Masking Cold War Proxy Wars
by Darini Rajasingham-Senanayake
The writer, Dr. Darini Rajasingham-Senanayake, is a Social and Medical Anthropologist, based in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Gospa News author since 2021. Links to Gospa News articles have been added by our Editorial Staff
Was the same Playbook to unmake Multiculturalism and stage the Palestine Nakba (catastrophe) for the violent birth of Israel in May 1948 used years later in the July 1983 pogrom and staged riots in Sri Lanka? Moreover, were the same foreign institutional forces, clandestine actors and networks involved?
Our Sri Lankan Nakba, which included killings, staged riots, forced migration and brain drain to de-develop the country, inaugurated a 30-year cycle of purportedly internal “ethnic conflict”, violence and war. The July 1983 in Geostrategic Sri Lanka at the center of the Indian Ocean also served to construct a dominant narrative of a perpetually divided people locked in ethno-religious strife in ‘Paradise Lost’. This was much like the disinformation spread about Palestine– a highly multicultural land before the Nakba in which millions were forcibly displaced to invent Israel.
The narrative of ‘perpetual ethnic conflict’ in Lanka belied centuries of multiculturalism, co-existence and intermarriage across generations among Sinhala and Tamil speaking peoples. So too, was Palestine a multicultural and multi-religious mosaic of Arab, Bedouin, Christian, Druze, Jewish, etc. peoples, before organized violence was unleashed to displace non-Jews and birth the settler colonial state of Israel on May 14, 1948.
Israel was born exactly three months after the Crown Colony of Ceylon morphed into a British Dominion on February 14, 1948, with pomp, circumstance and the façade of Independence. The catastrophe staged for the founding of the Zionist state was backed by the occupying colonial power–Britain and an increasingly powerful American Jewish Diaspora. That history of violence repeats today in Gaza and the West Bank as tragedy and genocide. Sri Lanka, thankfully escaped the fate of divided, partitioned and pounded Palestine—for now at least.
The Ethnic Conflict Research Industry
Post July 1983, a dominant narrative of perpetual ‘ethnic conflict’ between the Sinhala and Tamil speaking communities was funded and constructed largely by the Ford Foundation’s ethnic conflict research industry, headquartered at the International Center for Ethnic Studies in Colombo and Kandy. The narrative of perpetual conflict between Sinhalas and Tamils re-inscribed local ethno-nationalist and Mahavamsa historiography, albeit as critique. More often than not, this was inadvertent, but then, the path to hell is often paved with good intentions.
The ethnic conflict research industry was in turn part of Cold War Area Studies grant Programs in the American academy and connected to the FBI and CIA, and funded by the State Department and later USAID. It included human rights, peace building, trauma and reconciliation, literature and film production. As Bruce Cumming noted in an influential article “Area studies and international studies during and after the cold war” in the Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars: “The evidence suggests that the Ford Foundation, in close consultation with the CIA, helped to shape postwar area studies and important collaborative research in modernization studies and comparative politics that were later mediated through well-known Social Science Research Council projects.
The ethnic turn in the social sciences (also to identity politics and Culture Wars), was echoed and buttressed by a lost generation of historians, islanded and trapped in the Anglo-Dutch colonial archive, producing Eurocentric, Raj nostalgia histories, being dependent on European Union grants and perks. Replete with Orientalist tropes (Slaves in Palanquins), a genre of trendy post/colonial resistance social history remained largely unable to de-island, de-colonize, and re-locate Sri Lanka in the Global South’s geopolitical economy and Indian Ocean World, or pivot to the Asian 21st Century. History after all is more or less, presentist.
The perpetual ‘ethnic conflict’ narrative in Lanka built on spurious colonial racial classifications. This was by biologizing fundamentally cultural (i.e. linguistic difference) among Sinhala and Tamil-speaking people who had co-existed and inter-married for centuries across generations. Crucially, the permanent ethnic conflict narrative served to conceal the fact that the armed conflict in the geostrategic island at the center of the Indian Ocean world was really just another Cold War Proxy war, staged between blood brothers and sisters. This was as ethno-religious identity politics were weaponized by external actors, namely retreating European empires. Hence the title of Harvard Anthropologist, Stanley Tambiah’s book “Ethnic Fratricide”.
After the pogrom and staged riots of July 1983, a shadow war was waged across geostrategic Sri Lanka. This, between the India-backed Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), and the Sri Lankan armed forces whose units were being trained and armed by British ecret services– MI-6 linked Special Air Services (SAS) officers, of the Keenie Meeni mercenaries (KMS), and Israel’s Mossad.
In short, Sri Lanka’s ‘ethnic conflict’ was NOT unique. Rather, it evolved, waxed and waned as a small piece in the larger global jigsaw puzzle of regional Cold War Proxy Wars roiling much of de-colonizing Asia, Africa and South America, including Palestine. This to protect the security the economic interests of European empires in retreat and pre-empt genuine de-colonization, often led by Communist and Leftist forces.
Military Bases and Gladio in the Global South
With the wisdom of hindsight and new research into de-classified documents it is now clear that Sri Lanka’s so-called internal ‘ethnic conflict was really part of a wider Indian Ocean and South Asia Cold War proxy war. As the Cold War between the Capitalist Western allies and the Soviet Socialist Block led by Russia escalated at the end of World War 2 in Europe, South Asia was drawn into a regional proxy war.
As part of a wider Cold War strategy and the anti-communist global crusade, that also weaponized world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism), to fight ‘God-less Communists’, the British and Americans were keen to establish military bases in geostrategic Sri Lanka at the center of the Indian Ocean. However, India, the regional hegemon, being close to the Soviet Union was dead set against UK and US bases being set up in her backyard.
Hence, various Gladio-style ‘stay behind” clandestine operations were unleashed much as in Europe and other counties in the Global South, often with deep penetration and infiltration of local authorities and national institutions. This, also to protect Euro-American economic, corporate and security interests in the de-colonizing Global South. These took the form of terror attacks, assassinations, croups against Socialist and Leftist de-colonization and national independence leaders and movements; ‘false flag’ operations in order to blame and de-legitimize the Left that were also penetrated, as was the case with the Janatha Vimukthi Peramua uprisings and Dirty Wars of 1972 and the late eighties.
As in Malaysia, Indonesia, Korea, Vietnam, Pakistan, India, Rwanda, Burundi, DRCongo, Chile, Argentina, Yugoslavia, Cyprus, the list goes on and on; tensions among historically multicultural and multi-religious communities were generated and/ or systematically weaponized to greater or lesser degree by mostly Western intelligence agencies and Mossad. This was, of course in collusion with local elites and religious groups by weaponing ethno-religious identity politics as part of Cold War proxy wars against the leftist movements and de-colonial agendas.
The war in Sri Lanka triggered after 13 soldiers were killed in the northern Province of Jaffna, 42 years ago on July 23 by a small group of separatists backed by neighbouring India. As the bodies of the soldiers were brought to Colombo for cremation, segments of the J.R. Jayawardene regime and some Trade Unions, (notably at the Colombo Port, the largest in South Asia), that were infiltrated by foreign intelligence agencies carried out the pogrom.
After the pogrom of July 1983 there were attempts to blame leftists for the violence but Inspector General of Police (IGP), Rudra Rajasingham questioned this. His requested to impose curfew and preempt the pogrom, based on Police Intelligence that there were plans to attack Tamil homes and businesses after the funerals had been denied by President J.R Jayawardena on the fateful night of July 23, 1983. Thus Colombo and other cities in Sri Lanka burned as premeditated violence was unleashed by clandestine networks related to the State, operating with Lists of targets. Rudra’s first cousin, the well know leftist lawyer, Bala Tampoe, founder of the Ceylon Mercantile Union (CMU), defended members of the leftist JVP at the Criminal Justice Commission.
The July 1983 Shock Doctrine enabled the entry of British MI-6, Special Air Services (SAS) linked Keenie Meenie mercenaries and Israeli Mossad to establish the desired bases in the Eastern Province. This was purportedly to train Sri Lankan Special Forces (STF) in ‘counter-terrorism’, paramilitary and Dirty War operations against India’s Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) backed LTTE and other Tamil militant groups.
Militarization also served President J.R Jayawardena’s Neo-liberal economic agenda of setting up free trade zones with attenuated Labour Rights. The island’s national and local political and Business Elites were well trained to follow the instructions of their former colonial masters, and later their Development Aid “advisors”, and assist the retreating British Raj to protect its economic and security interests.
The endgame of setting up foreign bases, cells, networks and ‘spider webs’ of control within local armed forces and paramilitary units was in sight. Later these would morph into “Jakarta Method’ style Dirty War terror and torture house operations in southern Sri Lanka against the purportedly Leftist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), again with British and Israeli ‘advisors”. These paramilitary operations included a series of political assassinations and the infamous Batalanda and other Torture Camps.
As noted by Cold War scholars Daniela Richterova and Telepneva: “The global reach of the British Empire gave London many advantages in the ‘intelligence Cold War’. Due to its status as an imperial power, Britain ran an extensive network of intelligence and security officers who reported on local developments and managed the often-turbulent transitions to independence. The MI5 also built up new security and intelligence apparatuses in states nearing independence in an effort to develop a ‘Commonwealth intelligence culture’.
Hidden Hands in Sri Lanka’s Nakba and Dirty Wars
Beneath the official narrative of interminable ‘ethnic conflict’ in Sri Lanka, lurked foreign intelligence agencies, clandestine networks and external forces, skilled in researching ethno-religious identity politics, creating or weaponizing tensions in historically multicultural societies. This included the use of blackmail and honey traps of political elites, like Sri Lanka’s Ranil Wickramasinghe. Some of this is now being revealed in the Jeffrey Epstine case files.
While the role of India and its intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), is relatively well known also though the book ‘Assignment Colombo’ by former Ambassador Dixit, the role of Western intelligence agencies in Sri Lanka’s two dirty wars (LTTE and JVP vs. the State) is less known.
Parts of that story were revealed in Victor Ostrovsky and Clair Hoy’s book published in Canada in 1990 that became a New York Times bestseller, which the Israeli foreign intelligence agency, Mossad, tried to ban. “By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer” is the true story of an officer in Israel’s most secret operations, including in Sri Lanka
Other parts of the story of Western Cold War foreign intelligence agency networks involved in Sri Lanka, namely the British colonial office, are revealed in Phil Miller’s book; “Keenie Meenie: the British Mercenaries who got away with war crimes”, and resonate with Vincent Bevin’s “Jakarta Method: Washington’s Anti-Communist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that shaped our World. Israel’s Mossad was a proxy for the US Central Intelligence Agency due to India’s opposition to the US intelligence agency in Sri Lanka.
India, close ally of the Soviet Socialist Block led by Russia (USSR), opposed the setting up of US and British bases in its backyard. Hence the British and Americans went to the Chagos Islands, due southwest of Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands, drove out all its people, who were scattered in Mauritius, Seychelles, and Britain to construct the huge Diego Garcia military base in the early sixties. The British called the Chagos Islands British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
Ostrovsky’s revelations about how Mossad trained both the Sri Lanka Special forces (STF), and LTTE, and sold weapons to both have been corroborated by new research on declassified documents, as well as, local sources. These include Phil Miller’s work and Herman Guneratne’s book ‘For a Sovereign State”. Remarkably, Ostrovsky quoted Penny Jayawardena, wife of Ravi Jayawardena, the son of President J.R. Jayawardena who was involved in setting up of the Special Task Force (STF) -Mossad-KMS- training camps on how World Bank Funds that were earmarked for the Mahaweli Development Project were diverted for covert operations and the setting up training bases in the Eastern Province.
Retrospectively it is clear that Ostrovsky’s revelations about Mossad activities in Sri Lanka were buried in a Cover Up Investigation and Commission Report conducted by S.W.P Wadugodapitiya, PC. The Report dated September 1991, into Mossad’s activities on Sri Lanka was commissioned by President R. Premadasa, who subsequently ordered the exit from Sri Lanka and closure of all foreign military bases, including Mossad and the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), which controlled the northeast of Sri Lanka between July 1987 and March 1990.
President Premadasa who had also accused Mossad of instigating an impeachment motion against him was assassinated on May 1, 1993. As usual the LTTE was blamed but this does not add up since Premadasa had sought the help of the LTTE to get rid of the Indian Forces.
Development Aid and Foreign Bases: Hand in Glove?
Taken together, it is apparent that the geopolitical Endgame of foreign forces operating in Sri Lanka staging armed conflicts (both the LTTE ethnic proxy war which later split and morphed into the Southern JVP Dirty War violence of 1989-90), were the establishment of foreign military bases, then as now in the geostrategic island at the center of the Indian Ocean world.
The Accelerated Mahaweli Development Project in the Eastern Province was re-designed also to serve as an entry point for Mossad and the British intelligence MI-6 linked Keenie Meenie mercenaries to enable ‘training bases’ once pro-US J.R. Jayawardena (Yankie Dickie was his nickname), came to power in 1977, unseating the Socialist and Non-Aligned Sirimavo Bandaranaike regime. Some of this is detailed in revealing pages by Ostrovsky.
Sri Lanka’s internal war was also punctuated by international peace building efforts. The wars seemed to wax and wane with Cold War developments in Europe and Indian external and domestic (Tamil Nadu) interests, in tandem with internal political developments and the interests of local actors. This is true of both the LTTE ethnic proxy war and the Southern JVP Dirty War violence of 1989-90, in which many of the same actors were involved. After the IPKF arrived in Sri Lanka in with the signing of the Indian Peace Keeping Accords in July 1987, and took over the Northeast Province, the Mossad, British KMS Advisors and STF moved out of the East to Southern Sri Lanka where they set up camp for Dirty War, counter-terrorism and torture house operations that ensured 1988-1993.
A New US Cold War Weaponizes Religious Diasporas in South Asia and the Indian Ocean Region
Indeed, the late 80 and early 90s period of assassinations and Dirty War operations involving the leftist Janatha Vimukti Peramuna echo US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) ‘Jakarta Method’ operations detailed by Vincent Bevins’ in his “The Jakarta Method: Washington’s Anti-Communist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped our World”, published in 2020. It was common knowledge in Colombo circles that the Israelis worked out of a Special Interest Section in the United States Embassy as Sri Lanka had not recognized the existence of the State of Israel, being Non-Aligned and sympathetic to the Palestinian cause.
The coveted Trincomalee Deep Sea Harbor in the Eastern Province to surveil and control Indian Ocean trade, energy and now submarine data cable routes was clearly a prime target of and for Western and Indian intervention. The British and French, not to mention the Portuguese and Dutch had in earlier centuries fought bloody battles to capture and control the Maritime Provinces of Ceylon.
In these times a new scandal involving Israeli ‘tourists’ running Chabard –Lubovich Prayer Houses in the Eastern Province where a mysterious Evangelical Christian Zion Church was even more mysteriously targeted by an Islamic State (ISIS) claimed attack on Easter Sunday 2019 have emerged.
From Ceylon to Palestine: How Our Mixed History and Heritage Were Erased
There are remarkable patterns of history, organized violence, and Disinformation between events leading to the pogrom and forced population displacements in Sri Lanka in 1983, and British occupied Palestine, 35 years earlier as the Nakba unfolded amid Cold War in Europe. The Cold War was between the Western Allies and Communist Block and Soviet Union led by Russia.
Both, Ceylon and Palestine were British occupied in 1948, and both got faux independence that year as the British officially left but stayed behind – Gladio Style to stage Shocks including ethno-religious riots, coups, assassinations such as SWRD Bandaranaike in 1959 with the CIA as happened to Patrice Lumumba in the Congo and Chile’s Socialist President Salvador Allende in 1973 for regime change and destabilization of the Global South struggling to be Non-Aligned.
While the Crown Colony of Ceylon morphed into a British Dominion with pageantry and pomp for its bemused natives on February 14, 1948, the violent birth of the state of Israel followed exactly three months later on May 14, amid the Nakba in Palestine with thousands killed and millions forcibly displaced.
South Asia’s Arab Spring: Protests amid Hybrid Economic War in Pakistan and Sri Lanka
As the British mandate expired and its military withdrew in May 1948, Zionist militias, many trained by British occupation forces, divided and partitioned a culturally mixed Palestine to birth the Jewish State of Israel. This to secure the Suez Canal and expiate Europe’s guilt for its Nazi Gas Chambers and the extermination of six million Jews at the end of World War 2. The violent partition of British India into West and East Pakistan had happened a year earlier in 1947, with Pakistan increasingly rendered a US Central Intelligence Agency Garrison State and India aligning with Communist Russia.
By then, the racialization of cultural differences to weaponized ethno-religious identity politics and buttress British claims to racial superiority and government, to divide and rule the post/colony were in place, also to protect the economic and security interests of the retreating Raj. As the Cold War between the Western Allies against God-less Communists and the Axis powers escalated across the de-colonizing Global South, Gladio style operations were staged in countries in Asia, Africa and South America, as much as in Europe against Communists and Socialists.
With the wisdom of hindsight and new research based on de-classified documents, it is clear that both Palestine and Sri Lanka, geostrategic countries at the cross-roads of global trade routes were subject by the same forces and neocolonial secret agencies including British MI-6 and Zionist Mossad networks. Similar Catastrophes and Shock Doctrines — pogroms, staged riots, assassinations, regime change and forced displacement of populations to divide mixed cultural geographies and histories, un-mix populations and construct partitions and divided histories unfolded– of course in collusion with local political elites and their networks. Much of this was accomplished with funds from the International Development Aid gravy train. Sri Lanka still suffers from being a Donor Darling now trapped in IMF’s Spider and the Chabad- Lubovitch ‘Spider Web’.
Ethnic Conflict as Cold War Proxy War: Clandestine Networks and Agents
With the wisdom of hind sight and new research based on de-classified documents available in the British Archives and US National Security Archive it is now clear that Sri Lanka’s so-called ‘internal ethnic conflict’ triggered 43 years ago in July 1983 was part of a much wider geopolitical jigsaw puzzle of Cold War regional Proxy Wars across the de-colonizing Global South. These included both Palestine and Sri Lanka. Of course, July 1983 had elements of the Jakarta Method (1965) adapted to Sri Lanka.
The ethnic conflict research and Human Rights research industry which was part of Cold War Area Studies in the American Academy served, often inadvertently, to promote racialized narratives and islanded colonial and Orientalist histories reeking with Raj Nostalgia, about dark natives engaged in perpetual ethno-religious violence in the post/colony. These narratives of “internal” conflict, concealed the external geopolitical forces, actors and networks involved in Weaponizing identity politics, and literally providing weapons and training to local groups, to promote internal ethno-religious violence.
This too, is how we were Gaslighted into believing, contrary to our everyday lived multicultural histories, social reality, and mixed cultural geography, in the story of permanent ethno-religious violence in the post/colony and the concomitant superiority of British rule with its mask of liberal democracy and human rights.
Sri Lanka’s 30 year armed conflict waxed and waned between cycles and bouts of international peace building as part of a regional Cold War Proxy War waged between India then close to the Soviet Socialist Block led by Russia and the Western allies, seeking military bases in the geostrategic island nation then as now.
In a nutshell, India set up, trained, armed and funded the Liberation Tigers of Tamil (LTTE), and other Tamil militant groups in the north, after the pro-American J.R. Jayawardena regime came to power in 1977. India then allied with the Soviet Socialist Block feared, then as now the prospect of foreign US and UK military bases in her backyard. The Mahaweli Development Project had already got going in the Eastern Province near the Trincomalle deep sea port.
India was not successful in staving off foreign bases in Sri Lanka. The staging of the July 1983 Pogrom and riots enabled British and Israeli ‘advisors” to set up long desired bases in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. This was under the guise of the British Keenie Meeni mercenaries and Israel’s Mossad providing security to the J.R. Jayawardena regime and to fight the LTTE. bases were set up purportedly to fight the LTTE in 1984, under Yankie Dickie’s son Ravi Jayawardena. Much of this history is contained in books by Herman Gunaratne / Malinge Guneratne who worked with the Mahaweli Authority resettlement program in Trincomalee, and corroborated by Victor Ostovsky in his book “By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer’.
A cover up investigation of the Ostovsky’s book done by a former Justice Wadugodapitiya is demonstrably flawed and contrary to known facts including those revealed a book on Ravi Jayawardena.
Mahaweli Development: Colonialism by Other Means?
Israeli operatives had already started work in Sri Lanka in 1977 in the Agriculture Sector and Mahaweli Development scheme which saw populations transfers setting the stage for massacres in the area and spread its tentacles along with the British MI 6. July 1983, was triggered by clandestine external actors with deep historical knowledge of the country’s cultural diversity and experienced in weaponizing ethno-religious identity politics in collusion with local political elites and their cronies.
Tamil civiliants in Batticalo used to call the British KMS officers “Mossadu” as Phil Miller details in his book ‘Keenie Meenie: the British Mercenaries who got away with War crimes”. The 1983 riots had elements of the Jakarta method. Lists of Tamil homes and businesses to be attacked had been complied and some Trade Unions in the Colombo Port and Senior Government Ministers were implicated in the violence.
Skilled in unleashing violence and reigning it in, the unmaking of ties among the Tamils and Muslims of the Eastern province clearly was the handiwork of Mossad operating with and training the Special Task Forces in the Eastern Province.
Subsequently as Indian Peace Keeping Forces moved in and took over the Northeast the British KMS mercenaries and Mossad’s operations and bases to train the STF moved to Southern Sri Lanka where Dirty War double game operations unfolded with a resurgent anti-Indian JVP in tow. It is now clear that the 1989 period of Dirty Wars with the JVP and STF both penetrated by foreign intelligence agencies with established history in Sri Lanka, ensured prolonging their sojourn in Sri Lanka with terror, tortour house and militias and dissappearences including Batalanda etc. as the Cold War in Europe reached its apocalyptic end in early 1990. Subsequently, President Premadasa ordered the Mossad out, and he was killed.
Remarkably it is alleged that, Sir Ivor Jennings, the first Vice Chancellor of the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya had earlier suggested the Ceylon may be an appropriate terra nullis for the Zionist settler colony. Ceylon like Palestine was portrayed as more or less empty of people and hence suitable for European Jewish occupation and settlement – then as now given the Chabad houses. After all the colonized dark natives hardly counted, and were eminently disposable in the Colonial administrator’s Orientalist imagination. The British government however chose Palestine, closer home and more geostrategic given proximity to British Oil’s Persian (Iranian) Oil fields and the ‘Holy Land or Jerusalem.
Mercifully Ceylon and her hapless natives were spared but Britain in retreat were intent on ensuring its economic and security interests everywhere.
At this time British and Israeli secret services continue to work together notes Carlos Cruz Mosquesa. Research of investigative journalists from Declassified UK has uncovered that the British government, which claims to be working with Israeli leaders toward a cease-fire, has supported them with a staggering five hundred military intelligence flights over Gaza during the twenty-one months of violence.
That is aside from direct arms supplies to the Israeli Defense Forces who are accused of war crimes. The attempts to halt the genocidal violence unleashed on Palestinians coincide with Western nations’ efforts to protect and support Israel and those responsible for war crimes. While the United States’ unconditional military support remains the most important for Israel, much of the Western world is also complicit.
Given the history of divide and rule, de-colonizing countries often had tensions between majority and minority communities which could be and were negotiated and accommodated over time. The conflicts that escalated into wars were due to external geopolitical actors Weaponzing ethno-religious identity politics to secure their neocolonial interests as happened in Sri Lanka, also through the deep infiltration and penetration of local and national institutions, law and order and investigative institutions under the guise of foreign Development Aid , Training and capacity building programs. The impunity of Zionist Chabad houses operating in all parts of Sri Lanka to service Israeli Defense Forces despite local protests is indicative that this continues to this day.
With the wisdom of hindsight it is now clear, 42 years after our July 1983 Nakba that the Western veneer of liberal democracy and human rights had us fooled along with the well-funded ethnic conflict research and Raj Nostalgia history industry. This despite expanding NATO military bases around the world, now totaling 750 plus in more than 80 countries to promote Human Rights and Neoliberal Democracy, while supporting clandestine Dirty War operations in the Global South against leftist de-colonization, national Independence and liberation movements. This was much like Gladio Operations in Europe against communists, all of which served to advance the economic and security interests of the Euro-American empire- then as now.
Darini Rajasingham-Senanayake
The writer, Dr. Darini Rajasingham-Senanayake, is a Social and Medical Anthropologist, based in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Gospa News author since 2021. Links to Gospa News articles have been added by our Editorial Staff
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